CAR-T Cell Therapy

CAR-T Cell Therapy

Introduction: CAR-T cell therapy represents a groundbreaking frontier in cancer treatment, leveraging the power of a patient’s own immune system to combat cancer. This innovative approach involves genetically modifying a patient’s T cells to target and destroy cancer cells with remarkable precision and effectiveness, offering new hope for patients facing otherwise resistant or relapsed cancers.

Subtopics in CAR-T Cell Therapy:

Mechanism of Action: Explaining the fundamental mechanism of CAR-T cell therapy, which involves genetically engineering T cells to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that enable them to recognize specific cancer antigens on the surface of tumor cells.

Clinical Success: Highlighting the remarkable clinical successes of CAR-T cell therapy, particularly in hematologic malignancies like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoma, where patients have achieved durable remissions after failing other treatments.

Challenges and Side Effects: Discussing the challenges associated with CAR-T cell therapy, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity, and the ongoing efforts to manage these side effects to make the therapy safer and more accessible.

Expanding Applications: Exploring the expanding applications of CAR-T cell therapy beyond hematologic malignancies, including its potential in solid tumors, as researchers continue to adapt and optimize this innovative treatment.

Future Directions: Delving into the promising future directions of CAR-T cell therapy, including ongoing research into next-generation CAR-T constructs, combination therapies, and ways to enhance the therapy’s effectiveness in a broader range of cancer types.

These subtopics provide a comprehensive overview of the field of CAR-T cell therapy, highlighting its potential to revolutionize cancer treatment and improve outcomes for patients with previously untreatable or resistant cancers

Precision Medicine in Oncology

Precision Medicine in Oncology

Introduction: Precision medicine in oncology has transformed the landscape of cancer care by tailoring treatment strategies to the unique genetic, molecular, and clinical characteristics of individual patients. This approach represents a paradigm shift, offering more effective therapies, reduced side effects, and improved outcomes for those facing various types of cancer.

Subtopics in Precision Medicine in Oncology:

Genomic Profiling: Genomic profiling involves sequencing a patient's tumor DNA to identify specific genetic mutations and alterations. This information guides the selection of targeted therapies designed to address the underlying drivers of cancer.

Targeted Therapies: Precision medicine relies on the development of targeted therapies, drugs that are designed to selectively inhibit the proteins or pathways implicated in a patient's cancer. These therapies are often more effective and less toxic than traditional treatments.

Biomarker Identification: Identifying biomarkers, such as mutations, gene expression patterns, or protein levels, helps oncologists determine the most appropriate treatment for each patient, enabling a more precise and personalized approach.

Immunotherapy Customization: Precision medicine extends to immunotherapy, where the patient's immune system is harnessed to fight cancer. Personalized immunotherapies are designed to enhance the immune response against specific tumor antigens.

Treatment Resistance Mitigation: Precision medicine also addresses treatment resistance by monitoring changes in a tumor's genetic profile over time. This allows for timely adjustments to treatment strategies, overcoming resistance mechanisms and improving patient outcomes.

These subtopics underscore the transformative impact of precision medicine in oncology, emphasizing its role in advancing patient-centered care and ushering in an era where cancer treatments are tailored to the unique characteristics of each individual's disease.

Resources for Spanish-Speaking Individuals Impacted by Cancer

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Resources for Spanish-Speaking Individuals Impacted by cancer/Recursos para personas de habla hispana afectadas por el cáncer

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En esta entrada de blog de preguntas y respuestas, y como parte del mes Nacional de la Herencia Hispana, la coordinadora del programa “Insights” de CancerCare y trabajadora social de oncología, Sara Grisales Jaramillo, LMSW, comenta los servicios y recursos en español de cancerCare para personas afectadas por el cáncer

¿Podría compartir con nosotros algunos de los retos a los que se enfrentan las personas y familias hispanas a la hora de enfrentarse al diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer?
La comunidad hispana/latina experimenta varios retos únicos. Algunos de los más importantes son la falta de acceso a la educación de salud, incluida la comprensión de qué es el cáncer y en qué puede consistir su tratamiento. El estatus migratorio es también uno de los mayores impactos en la comunidad hispana. El estatus migratorio está directamente relacionado con el acceso al seguro médico y a la atención médica. Muchas personas de la comunidad hispana luchan por conseguir servicios de apoyo adecuados, así como opciones de tratamiento adecuadas, educación sobre el plan de tratamiento y como tomar decisiones compartidas. Comunicación con el equipo medico y el nivel de comodidad de los pacientes y cuidadores es afectado por las barreras lingüísticas.

¿Qué recursos ofrece CancerCare específicamente adaptados para apoyar a las personas hispanas que están navegando por las complejidades de la atención del cáncer?
CancerCare ofrece servicios en español, tales como consejería individual, grupos de apoyo y navegación de recursos. Estos servicios abordan las necesidades emocionales de las personas hispanas que están luchando con los impactos del cáncer. Nuestros servicios también proporcionan a los individuos las herramientas para navegar por tales complejidades y recursos que abordan las necesidades básicas. Nuestros servicios capacitan a los clientes para abogar por sí mismos.

¿Podría destacar alguna iniciativa o programa culturalmente sensible que CancerCare haya desarrollado para garantizar que los clientes latinos reciban la mejor atención y asistencia posibles?
cancerCare ha desarrollado talleres en español para educar a los hispanos sobre cómo enfrentar un diagnóstico de cáncer, al igual que las formas de conseguir recursos. cancerCare también ofrece un grupo de apoyo a pacientes en español que ayuda a establecer una comunidad entre ellos. cancerCare tiene una gran cantidad de recursos dirigidos específicamente a la comunidad hispana.

Las barreras lingüísticas pueden ser a menudo un reto importante. ¿Cómo aborda CancerCare la accesibilidad lingüística para garantizar que los hispanohablantes puedan acceder a información y apoyo vitales relacionados con el cáncer?
cancerCare ofrece todos los servicios en español. Desde que un cliente contacta inicialmente con cancerCare, se le pone en contacto con un trabajador social que habla español. cancerCare también tiene publicaciones y recursos en español. Las publicaciones en español contienen información sobre las formas de enfrentar al cáncer, los efectos secundarios, enfrentar las necesidades de ser cuidador y mucho más. cancerCare también cuenta con personal bilingüe y bicultural dentro de departamentos como la unidad de asistencia financiera y el departamento de trabajo social. Nuestro personal bilingüe y bicultural interactúa directamente con los clientes de cancerCare eliminando la barrera del idioma.

¿Qué consejos o recomendaciones tiene para las personas y familias latinas que se enfrentan actualmente a un diagnóstico de cáncer y cómo pueden aprovechar al máximo los recursos disponibles durante este importante mes de concienciación?
La experiencia del cáncer puede ser aislante cuando los clientes se mantienen conectados, se reducen los sentimientos de depresión. Mantenerse en contacto también permite a las personas sentirse capacitadas para abogar por sí mismas y tomar decisiones informadas sobre su atención o la de sus seres queridos. Conectarse a través de un grupo de apoyo también puede ser útil, ya que escuchar otras experiencias puede ayudar a encontrar maneras de hacer frente a los desafíos y encontrar un sentido de pertenencia y comunidad.


In this guest Q&A blog post and as part of National Hispanic Heritage Month, cancerCare’s Insights Program Coordinator and oncology social worker, Sara Grisales Jaramillo, LMSW, discusses cancerCare’s Spanish languages services and resources for people impacted by cancer.

Can you share some insights into the unique challenges that Hispanic individuals and families might face when dealing with a cancer diagnosis and treatment?
The Hispanic/Latinx community experience several unique sets of challenges. Some of the most prominent challenges include lack of access to health literacy, including understanding what cancer is and what cancer treatment may consist of. Immigration status is also one of the biggest impacts in the Hispanic community. Immigration status is directly connected to access to health insurance and health care. Many individuals in the Hispanic community struggle with getting proper supportive services as well as adequate treatment options, treatment plan education and shared decision making. Language barriers also impact communication with medical teams and the comfort levels of patients and caregivers.

What resources does cancerCare offer specifically tailored to support Hispanic individuals who are navigating the complexities of cancer care?
cancerCareprovides Spanish-speaking services, such as individual counseling, support groups and resource navigation. These services address the emotional needs of Spanish-speaking individuals who are struggling with the impacts of cancer. Our services also provide individuals the tools to navigate such complexities and resources that address basic needs. Our services empower clients to advocate for themselves.

Could you highlight any culturally sensitive initiatives or programs that cancerCarehas developed to ensure that Latinx clients receive the best possible care and assistance?
cancerCare has developed Spanish-speaking workshops to educate Spanish speakers on how to face a cancer diagnosis as well as ways seek resources. cancerCare also provides a Spanish-speaking patient support group that aids in establishing community. cancerCare has a plethora of resources geared specifically towards the Hispanic community.

Language barriers can often be a significant challenge. How does cancerCare address language accessibility to ensure that Spanish-speakers can access vital cancer-related information and support?
cancerCare provides its services in Spanish. From when a client initially contacts cancerCare, they are connected with a Spanish-speaking social worker. cancerCare also offers publications in Spanish. Spanish publications contain information on ways to cope with cancer, side effects and coping as a caregiver. cancerCare also has bilingual and bicultural staff within departments like the financial assistance unit and the social work department. Our bilingual and bicultural staff interact directly with cancerCare clients eliminating the language barrier.

What advice or recommendations do you have for Latinx individuals and families who are currently dealing with a cancer diagnosis and how can they make the most of the resources available during this important awareness month?
The cancer experience can be isolating. When individuals stay connected, it reduces feelings of depression. Staying connected also allows individuals to feel empowered to advocate for themselves and make informed decisions about their or their loved one’s care. Connecting through a support group can also be helpful, as hearing other experiences can help with finding ways to cope with the challenges and finding a sense of belonging and community.



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Hope for Cancer: Stories of Survival



Meet incredible survivors who turned cancer into stories of hope, They faced the darkest days but found strength and resilience within, Today, they stand as beacons of inspiration, proving that cancer can be conquered,For hope and support in your cancer journey, connect with reputable cancer organizations

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Bowel cancer breakthrough after immune system find

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Scottish scientists hope a breakthrough in the understanding of bowel cancer will lead to new treatments.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Researchers at the University of Glasgow and cancer Research UK’s Beatson Institute have solved a decades-long riddle of why the immune system of patients ignores the disease.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Until now, it was not known how cancer blinds the immune system to the disease rendering it unable to destroy it.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Bowel cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in the UK.

  • oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>’My bowel cancer was missed because I am young’
  • oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>New plan aims to cut late-stage cancer diagnosis
  • oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Scottish cancer waiting times performance at record low

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Dr Seth Coffelt, who led the Research, said: “Normally, immune cells keep things as they should be, patrolling the bowel like security guards, tackling any harmful bacteria and keeping the gut healthy.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>”However, when cells in the bowel become cancerous, they fire these ‘security guards’ and all the methods these immune cells use to talk to each other to co-ordinate an immune response no longer get produced.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>”cancer doesn’t want immune cells recognising them as a threat, so they manipulate the immune cells so they can’t see the threat and simply pass on by leaving the cancer to do its damage.”

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Scientists have said the discovery, published in cancer Immunology Research, a journal of the American Association for cancer Research, opens the door to potentially reversing or preventing this process.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>It would allow the immune system to see the bowel cancer cells and stop them from growing and multiplying.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>’Attacking threats’

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Bowel cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in the UK, with about 16,800 deaths in the country every year – or 46 every day.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>In Scotland, about 4,000 people are diagnosed with the disease every year.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>As part of the work, the Glasgow-based researchers focused on a particular type of immune cell called gamma delta T cells.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Bowel cancer begins in the epithelial cells which line the bowel and these T cells patrol this area attacking any threats, such as damaged cells or small tumours, before they cause harm.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Scientists already knew that when bowel cancer is present, immune cells that can kill cancer do not often act against the bowel cancer, but they did not know why.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Using tissue samples from bowel cancer tumours donated by patients in Scotland, and other countries, scientists were able to identify the specific mechanism the cancer cells use to rewire the gamma delta T cells on a molecular level.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>The team that made the discovery is now hopeful further Research could offer treatments which could reverse that process.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Discovering how the cancer cells trick the immune system offers potential for new treatments which could reactivate these immune cells, researchers said.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Dr Coffelt said: “Our discovery means that if a way can be found to artificially engage the ‘blinded’ T cells with a drug so that the T cells can see the cancer again, we could find a new effective way to treat bowel cancer.”

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>The Research won funding from the Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust.

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Host genetics helps explain childhood cancer survivors’ mortality risk from second cancers

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gene variant
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The population of childhood cancer survivors in the U.S. is increasing, with an overall childhood cancer survival rate greater than 85% five years after diagnosis. However, survivors can still be at increased risk of various health conditions, including second cancers.

Using data from the Childhood cancer Survivor Study (CCSS) and the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study (St. Jude Life), scientists at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital have identified a genetic explanation for why a small proportion of survivors is more likely to develop second cancers and why these cancers may be more severe or deadly.

The findings, which will inform genetic counseling, testing and adoption of personalized cancer screening and prevention strategies, were published today in The Lancet oncology.

The St. Jude group showed that survivors with pathogenic (damaging) genetic variants in specific genes, called cancer-predisposing variants, are at an increased risk of developing second (subsequent) cancers as adults, and those cancers are more likely to be severe and deadly.

The scientists had previously identified that survivors with pathogenic variants in one of 60 different cancer-predisposing genes or 127 DNA damage repair genes were more likely to experience a second or subsequent cancer. This study extends that research to show a direct connection between cancer-predisposing variants and increased second-cancer-related mortality.

Many of these genetic variants are known to be causally linked to cancers. For example, the tumor suppressor gene TP53 is one of the 60 genes included in the analysis. The key to the discovery’s utility is that these variants are present in the DNA of patients when they are diagnosed with cancer as children, allowing for an individualized medicine approach to be developed early in life for each survivor.

By promoting better understanding of the effect such genes can have on future cancer risk and its outcome beyond the primary childhood cancer, the study will help inform efforts to prevent second cancers and improve the outcomes in these individuals.

“Our study pinpoints that clinical genetic testing to screen for and identify if survivors are carriers of these pathogenic variants could lead to screening and early interventions for those at higher risk to develop deadly second cancers, potentially saving their lives,” said senior corresponding author Zhaoming Wang, Ph.D., St. Jude Department of Epidemiology and cancer Control.

cancer prevention in adult childhood cancer survivors

The total number of childhood cancer survivors who develop second or subsequent cancers is small (<10% based on current studies), and the percentage of survivors who carry cancer-predisposing variants is low (about 6%). Together, these factors have made it extremely challenging to study and understand the genetic risks for second cancers and their outcome in this population.

To reach statistically meaningful results, Wang and his collaborators combined whole genome/exome sequencing and clinical data from over twelve thousand survivors of childhood cancer. The study combined data from North America’s two largest survivorship studies, the CCSS and St. Jude LIFE cohorts.

“This is the first comprehensive study looking for the genetic reason for late mortality—specifically late mortality due to second cancers,” Wang said. “Now we know that cancer-predisposing variants contribute to the risk of death from second cancer.”

Increased surveillance may help limit the impact of these cancer-predisposing variants as childhood cancer survivors grow into adulthood. By knowing which survivors are at greater risk, health care providers may be able to recommend personalized cancer screening, which may lead to the detection of additional cancers at their earliest and most treatable stage.

These variants are part of the inherited (germline) DNA with which people are born. This means they can be detected in children when they are first diagnosed with childhood cancers, arming survivors with the knowledge they need to lower their risk later in life.

“Even before finishing childhood cancer treatment, clinicians can recommend referral to do genetic counseling so that survivors with these variants can seek cancer prevention strategies later on,” Wang said. “Depending on the gene harboring the variant, survivors that are carriers may be able to implement prevention strategies to safeguard their long-term health.”

More information:
The Lancet oncology (2023).

Provided by
St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital

Citation:
Host genetics helps explain childhood cancer survivors’ mortality risk from second cancers (2023, October 2)
retrieved 3 October 2023
from https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-10-host-genetics-childhood-cancer-survivors.html

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Confronting Cancer: Awareness and Prevention



Confronting Cancer: Awareness and Prevention, Cancer affects us all, but awareness is our first line of defense—lifestyle matters. Eat well, stay active, and don’t smoke to reduce your risk. Regular screenings are key. Early detection can save lives . Support networks provide strength. Connect with others on the same journey. Together, we can confront cancer with awareness and prevention

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An mRNA vaccine to treat pancreatic cancer

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oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common type of pancreatic cancer, is one of the deadliest cancer types. Despite modern therapies, only about 12% of people diagnosed with this cancer will be alive five years after treatment.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Immunotherapies—drugs that help the body’s immune system attack tumors—have revolutionized the treatment of many tumor types. But to date, they have proven ineffective in PDAC. Whether pancreatic cancer cells produce neoantigens—proteins that can be effectively targeted by the immune system—hasn’t been clear.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>An NIH-funded Research team led by Dr. Vinod Balachandran from Memorial Sloan Kettering cancer Center (MSKCC) have been developing a personalized mRNA cancer-treatment vaccine approach. It is designed to help immune cells recognize specific neoantigens on patients’ pancreatic cancer cells. Results from a small clinical trial of their experimental treatment were published on May 10, 2023, in Nature.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>After surgery to remove PDAC, the team sent tumor samples from 19 people to partners at BioNTech, the company that produced one of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. BioNTech performed gene sequencing on the tumors to find proteins that might trigger an immune response. They then used that information to create a personalized mRNA vaccine for each patient. Each vaccine targeted up to 20 neoantigens.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Customized vaccines were successfully created for 18 of the 19 study participants. The process, from surgery to delivery of the first dose of the vaccine, took an average of about nine weeks.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>All patients received a drug called atezolizumab before vaccination. This drug, called an immune checkpoint inhibitor, prevents cancer cells from suppressing the immune system. The vaccine was then given in nine doses over several months. After the first eight doses, study participants also started standard Award-call-for-profile/”>Chemotherapy drugs for PDAC, followed by a ninth booster dose.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Sixteen volunteers stayed healthy enough to receive at least some of the vaccine doses. In half these patients, the vaccines activated powerful immune cells, called T cells, that could recognize the pancreatic cancer specific to the patient. To track the T cells made after vaccination, the Research team developed a novel computational strategy with the lab of Dr. Benjamin Greenbaum at MSKCC. Their analysis showed that T cells that recognized the neoantigens were not found in the Blood before vaccination. Among the eight patients with strong immune responses, half had T cells target more than one vaccine neoantigen.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>By a year and a half after treatment, the cancer had not returned in any of the people who had a strong T cell response to the vaccine. In contrast, among those whose immune systems didn’t respond to the vaccine, the cancer recurred within an average of just over a year. In one patient with a strong response, T cells produced by the vaccine even appeared to eliminate a small tumor that had spread to the liver. These results suggest that the T cells activated by the vaccines kept the pancreatic cancers in check.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>“It’s exciting to see that a personalized vaccine could enlist the immune system to fight pancreatic cancer—which urgently needs better treatments,” Balachandran says. “It’s also motivating as we may be able to use such personalized vaccines to treat other deadly cancers.”

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>More work is needed to understand why half the people did not have a strong immune response to their personalized vaccines. The researchers are currently planning to launch a larger clinical trial of the vaccine.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>—by Sharon Reynolds

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Cancer Unmasked: Facts and Hope



Cancer affects millions. But together, we can unmask the facts
Early detection saves lives. Regular screenings are crucial
Meet survivors who found hope in their journey
Science is making strides. Hope is on the horizon
For info and support, visit reputable cancer organizations
Together, we can unmask cancer’s challenges and share hope

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