Metastasis: When Cancer Spreads



Cancer doesn’t always stay in one place. It can spread to other parts of the body, a process known as metastasis
Common sites for metastasis include the lungs, liver, bones, and brain
Metastasis poses significant challenges for cancer treatment, as it often means the disease has become more advanced
Preventing cancer and catching it early are key to reducing the risk of metastasis. Regular screenings and a healthy lifestyle play a role
Many cancer survivors have faced metastasis and come out stronger. Their stories inspire hope.
Together, we can raise awareness and support those battling metastatic cancer

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Study reveals cancer’s ‘infinite’ ability to evolve

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By James Gallagher
Health and science correspondent

An unprecedented analysis of how cancers grow has revealed an “almost infinite” ability of tumours to evolve and survive, say scientists.

The results of tracking lung cancers for nine years left the Research team “surprised” and “in awe” at the formidable force they were up against.

They have concluded we need more focus on prevention, with a “universal” cure unlikely any time soon.

cancer Research UK said early detection of cancer was vitally important.

The study – entitled TracerX – provides the most in-depth analysis of how cancers evolve and what causes them to spread.

Cancers change and evolve over time – they are not fixed and immutable. They can become more aggressive: better at evading the immune system and able to spread around the body.

A tumour starts as a single, corrupted cell, but becomes a mixture of millions of cells that have all mutated in slightly different ways.

TracerX tracked that diversity and how it changes over time inside lung cancer patients and say the results would apply across different types of cancer.

“That has never been done before at this scale,” said Prof Charles Swanton, from the Francis Crick Institute and University College London.

More than 400 people – treated at 13 hospitals in the UK – had biopsies taken from different parts of their lung cancer as the disease progressed.

“It has surprised me how adaptable tumours can be,” Prof Swanton told me.

“I don’t want to sound too depressing about this, but I think – given the almost infinite possibilities in which a tumour can evolve, and the very large number of cells in a late-stage tumour, which could be several hundred billion cells – then achieving cures in all patients with late-stage disease is a formidable task.”

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Battling Cancer: Knowledge is Power



Cancer can affect anyone, but there’s something powerful we can all do—empower ourselves with knowledge Did you know that early detection can significantly improve cancer survival rates?One way to reduce cancer risk is through a healthy lifestyle: eating well, staying active, and avoiding tobacco Regular screenings and check-ups can catch cancer at its earliest, most treatable stages.Cancer doesn’t discriminate, but neither does resilience. Meet some incredible cancer survivors Cancer treatment has come a long way. From surgery to chemotherapy and immunotherapy, there are more options than ever Remember, in the battle against cancer, knowledge is power. Together, we can make strides towards a world without this disease   More information – https://oncologyandcancerresearch.blogspot.com/

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Back to School 2023

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As fall approaches, children, teens and their families prepare for the upcoming school year. Getting new school supplies is on many families’ minds and can be especially difficult for families coping with cancer.

Now in its eighth year, cancerCare for Kids’ Back-to-School Program provides backpacks full of new school supplies for students affected by cancer in pre-K through 12th grade throughout New York, New Jersey and Connecticut. cancerCare’s social workers and facilities team worked to pack and ship age-appropriate school supplies, including books, calculators, notebooks, folders, pens, pencils and art supplies, to 223 students from 98 families.

cancerCare’s Back-to-School program allows families impacted by cancer to spend time with their loved ones and prepare for the upcoming school year without worrying about the money and time it takes to get new school supplies.

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One parent shared, “I wish you could have seen my kids’ faces when they opened the boxes! They were all so excited with everything.”

“Each item is appropriate for each of our children’s age and will really go to good use,” said another parent. “You took a big load off of us not having to think of preparing the kids for the new school year!”

“The supplies in the backpack were exactly on the kids’ supply list for school,” another parent added. “Not having to go out and look for supplies also gives me extra time with my family. As you can imagine, time with a loved one diagnosed with cancer is priceless.”

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cancerCare for Kids’ Back-to-School Program is open to children and teens diagnosed with cancer, who have a loved one diagnosed with cancer or who have lost a loved one to cancer and who reside in New York, New Jersey or Connecticut.

Thank you to all of our supporters and dedicated staff who make our Back-to-School Program and all of our free services possible!

Learn more about cancerCare for Kids and how we help children, teens and families affected by cancer. You can also call our Hopeline at 800-813-HOPE (4673) to speak with an oncology social worker or email cckids@cancercare.org with questions.



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Mastectomy: A Brave Journey



Mastectomy is a surgical procedure in which one or both breasts are removed. It’s a journey many women undergo. this may be done to treat breast cancer, reduce the risk of cancer, or address other medical conditions. There are several types of mastectomy, including total, partial, and double mastectomy, Mastectomy may be chosen due to a breast cancer diagnosis, a high risk of cancer, or personal choice during the procedure, breast tissue is carefully removed by a skilled surgeon   More information – https://oncologyandcancerresearch.blogspot.com/

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Nano-based cancer therapies may be less effective in younger patients, finds study

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oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>
Researchers at The University of Texas MD Anderson cancer Center have discovered that certain nano-based cancer therapies may be less effective in younger patients, highlighting the need for further investigation into the impact of aging on the body’s ability to respond to treatment.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>The researchers found age-related differences are due to how effectively the liver filters the bloodstream. Younger livers are more efficient at this process, which helps limit toxins in the Blood but also filters out beneficial treatments, potentially rendering them ineffective.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>The study, published today in Nature Nanotechnology, was led by Wen Jiang, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of Radiation oncology, and Betty Kim, M.D., Ph.D., professor of Neurosurgery.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Put simply, our liver is designed to protect us, but for young people it might also be protecting them in a way that limits the effectiveness of nanotherapies. There’s so much interest right now in nano-scale delivery systems and designs, but nobody has really considered how age plays a role in the effectiveness of these systems. In preclinical models, younger livers actually work so well that they filter out a significant amount of the nanomedicine. That means, in some cases, these drugs may be less effective in younger patients than in older ones.”

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Wen Jiang, M.D., Ph.D., Associate Professor of Radiation oncology, Professor of Neurosurgery, University of Texas M. D. Anderson cancer Center

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Unlike traditional cancer therapies, in which medicine is directly introduced to the body, nanomedicines use nano-scale carriers to deliver treatments. Some of the advantages of nanomedicine formulations can include reduced toxicity, increased target specificity and increased dosage, depending on the goal of the treatment.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>To date, more than 50 nano-based therapies have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration, including 19 currently listed by the National cancer Institute for use in cancer. The study treatment was Nanoparticle-albumin-bound paclitaxel, which has been used since 2005 for certain refractory or relapsed cancers.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Scientists do not fully understand all the mechanisms for how, exactly, the liver filters the bloodstream, but previous studies have indicated a correlation between the rate of clearance and the expression of the scavenger receptor MARCO. This protein is expressed more in younger Kupfer cells, the immune cells that reside in the liver.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>After confirming the disparity in results between young and old models, the team investigated therapeutic blockade of MARCO as a possible strategy to avoid drug clearance. Blocking MARCO reduced the uptake of the nanomedicine and improved the drug’s antitumor effects from the cancer therapeutics, but only in the younger models.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>”This is just one example, but these results show that there may not always be a one-size-fits-all Conference-terms-conditions/”>Drug Delivery strategy that is effective across diverse patient populations, and that personalized design is warranted in future nanomedicines,” Jiang said. “Hopefully, this study also opens the door for more thorough investigation of the clearance process and how to overcome it.”

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Jiang emphasized that while this study focuses on cancer, it examines a potential hurdle for any nanodrug delivery system. There are different proteins, antibodies and viruses with unique clearance mechanisms, but it all comes down to the liver, he explained.

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Source:

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>University of Texas M. D. Anderson cancer Center

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Journal reference:

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Wang, Y., et al. (2023) Age-associated disparity in phagocytic clearance affects the efficacy of cancer nanotherapeutics. Nature Nanotechnologydoi.org/10.1038/s41565-023-01502-3.

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DPP4 inhibitors for target therapy resistance in renal cell carcinoma

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Credit: CC0 Public Domain

A new editorial paper titled “Potential repurposing of DPP4 inhibitors for target therapy resistance in renal cell carcinoma” has been published in Oncotarget.

In their new editorial, researchers Kuniko Horie and Satoshi Inoue from Saitama Medical University and Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology discuss renal cell carcinoma (RCC)—a major adult kidney cancer, which is often incidentally discovered as an asymptomatic disease on imaging in the developed countries.

RCC has the most fatal disease among urological cancers, as a recent 5-year relative survival rate in the U.S. (2009–2015) is less than 80%. While RCC is known as a cancer resistant to chemo- and radiotherapies, the prognosis of RCC has been remarkably improved after the clinical application of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and immunotherapy.

The rationale for the efficacy of TKIs in RCC is mainly based on the angiogenetic status, particularly in clear cell RCC (ccRCC) that is the most common type of RCC (70–75% of RCC), in which the loss of function mutation of Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene activates hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathways.






The first-line TKIs that predominantly target VEGF receptor (VEGFR) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) (e.g., sunitinib and sorafenib) have been clinically used since late 2000s, and the second-line TKIs such as cabozantinib, which targets more receptor tyrosine kinases including MET and TAM kinases as well as VEGFR, have been further applied to the treatment of advanced RCC since early 2010s in which the first-line TKIs are ineffective.

“In our recent study, we established a panel of patient-derived ccRCC spheroid cultures with the enhancement of cancer stemness gene signature including DPP4. Focusing on TKI sunitinib sensitivity, we demonstrated that DPP4 inhibition increased sunitinib efficacy in DPP4-high RCC spheroids and DPP4 was upregulated in sunitinib-resistant RCC cells,” the researchers explain.

More information:
Kuniko Horie et al, Potential repurposing of DPP4 inhibitors for target therapy resistance in renal cell carcinoma, Oncotarget (2023). DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28463

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Citation:
DPP4 inhibitors for target therapy resistance in renal cell carcinoma (2023, September 20)
retrieved 21 September 2023
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Bone Cancer: Understanding the Basics



Bone Cancer: Understanding the Basics More information – https://oncologyandcancerresearch.blogspot.com/

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The UK’s Looming Cancer Catastrophe

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There are now many more days, where I feel like giving up on fighting the cancer culture in this country. SimPal is incredibly busy and I can feel the change we are making daily. In my early days I could see some wins for people affected by cancer. But not now! Politicians, totally disinterested. NHS England fighting with it’s own people. Individuals, inside or out of the service, with next to no chance of making a difference on their own now. I’m totally bored with most large charities, bringing up the same issues, I’ve seen more than 10 years ago, and still begging for more money. Even though they are continuing on the circle of failure.

cancer casts a long, dark shadow over the UK today. As incidence rates continue to rise, our overburdened health system struggles to keep pace. Years of neglect have left cancer care fragmented, underfunded and woefully unprepared. Unless we urgently prioritize reform, this burgeoning crisis threatens to eclipse all other concerns.

Already, outcomes lag far behind other nations. The UK has the lowest cancer survival rates among comparable Western countries. And the gap is only widening, with progress stalled for a decade as European neighbours surge ahead. Despite pouring billions into cutting-edge research, we fail where it matters most – aiding those currently battling the disease.

Behind the statistics lie real people betrayed. Patients denied swift access to ground breaking innovations. Families shattered when timely treatment could have made all the difference. And an exhausted, demoralized workforce battling valiantly against the odds. Without recognition of these urgent human costs, cancer will continue its insidious spread through society.

Why has it come to this? Firstly, while research breakthroughs provide hope, many now languish unused. Rigid barriers prevent rapid translation into clinical practice. Patients most in need are last to benefit, as proven treatments gather dust awaiting formal approval. We must find faster pathways to get innovations where they matter most – into hospitals and clinics across the nation.

Secondly, early diagnosis remains a key stumbling block. GPs face ever-growing demands, leaving little time to suspect cancer amidst a 10-minute appointment. Public awareness campaigns can encourage vigilance for warning signs. But we also need systematic changes – better diagnostic equipment in local practices, prompt specialist referral processes, and strategies to identify those at highest risk. The difference between Stage one and Stage three cancer, is the difference between life and death.

Workforce shortages also hamper efforts, with chronic understaffing now the status quo. Vital posts sit vacant for months, patient loads grow untenable, and staff burnout fuels an exodus from the cancer field. Without Valuing those providing care, we cannot hope to retain them.

Finally, and most critically, years of austerity have left services emaciated. Budgets tighten, equipment ages, and rising need outpaces capacity. Patients now wait months where weeks once sufficed. The system creaks under unsustainable strain – a superficial bandage on a gaping wound.

What will continued disregard for these realities entail? Projections forecast a 63% rise in cancer cases over the next two decades. Our cancer infrastructure is already bursting at the seams. Without urgent investment in staff, equipment and facilities, this influx of new cases will trigger total collapse.

Rising demand will extend delays even further as exhausted resources are stretched beyond breaking point. Patients will have outcomes decided the day they receive their cancer diagnosis – not by tumour biology but by postcode and luck in timing.

Ultimately, the real victims are not statistics but human beings. Sons and daughters, partners and parents, valued members of every community. Behind every percentage are shattered lives and devastated families. If outcomes worsen, hundreds of thousands more will lose loved ones each year.

We stand at a crossroads today. Further neglect and underfunding set society on a path toward tragedy on an unprecedented scale. Only through collective action can we alter course – championing reform, embracing innovation, investing in clinical care, and making cancer the priority it deserves to be. The time has come to step out of the shadow.

With comprehensive modernization, improved prevention and early diagnosis, the UK can still deliver world-leading cancer care to meet this growing threat. But the hour is late, and the storm is nearing. We must come together, stand up and say enough – no more lip service, no more half measures. The time for change is now.

I haven’t come this far to turn back now! The odds for me to survive were dreadful, but here I am. I will continue to fight, for future generations who deserve better. Not being stuck on life limiting waiting lists, dying whilst waiting for care. As always, these are my opinions, based on personal experiences. Please feel free to share your own, below.

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RefleXion Highlights Clinical Study Results for Future Prostate Cancer Treatment

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oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>July 3, 2023 — RefleXion Medical, Inc., a therapeutic oncology company, today announced that results of a prospective investigator-initiated clinical imaging study conducted on its X1 platform by City of Hope using positron emission tomography (PET) were presented on June 24 during an oral session at the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging (SNMMI) annual meeting in Chicago. The study results serve as the foundation for evaluating the use of RefleXion’s SCINTIX biology-guided radiotherapy with a prostate-specific PET radiotracer for controlling external-beam radiotherapy delivery to prostate cancer tumor targets. City of Hope, one of the largest cancer Research and treatment organizations in the U.S., is among the first in the nation to adopt this new radiotherapy technology that has the potential to change the way metastatic cancer patients are treated. 

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>Recently cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), SCINTIX technology is the first and only cancer therapy that uses each cancer’s unique biology to autonomously determine where to deliver radiotherapy, second-by-second, during the actual cancer treatment to indicated solid tumors of any stage. SCINTIX therapy uses signals produced by a PET radiotracer interacting with cancer cells to control delivery of external-beam radiotherapy to tumor targets. 

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>The prostate-specific PET radiotracer used in the presented study – 18F-DCFPyL (PyL) – binds to prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a protein that is expressed in significantly elevated amounts by prostate cancer cells. Also recently approved by the FDA for diagnosing and staging prostate cancer, PyL can accurately and precisely pinpoint tumors in both the prostate and in other body areas where the cancer may have spread or metastasized. 

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>“It is well established that PyL exquisitely detects tumors present in patients with prostate cancer, but targeting and treating those tumors can be challenging using existing radiotherapy approaches,” said Jeffrey Wong, M.D., professor of the Department of Radiation oncology and the Department of Immunology and Theranostics at City of Hope, and principal investigator of the RefleXion-supported PyL imaging study. “SCINTIX therapy could overcome these barriers, and our study results support continued exploration of leveraging PyL’s precision to expand SCINTIX therapy to patients with prostate cancer.” 

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>The prospective PyL imaging study established that tumors arising from prostate cancer could be visualized on the RefleXion X1 platform using signals from PyL consistent with PyL diagnostic imaging studies, and that SCINTIX treatment plans could be generated using these data. PSMA-directed SCINTIX treatment plans also met conventional radiotherapy organ dose constraints, suggesting the ability to spare nearby organs and other healthy tissue from potentially damaging radiation. SCINTIX therapy is currently cleared for use with 18F fludeoxyglucose (FDG), a common PET radiotracer, to treat primary and metastatic tumors in the lung and bone. 

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>“We look forward to offering FDG-directed SCINTIX therapy to our patients in the next several weeks,” said Terence Williams, M.D., Ph.D., professor and chair of City of Hope’s Department of Radiation oncology. “As early collaborators in evaluating SCINTIX technology, it is gratifying to see Research and clinical development efforts already advancing it toward another patient population in great need of improved radiotherapy approaches using the well-characterized benefits of PyL.” 

oncology.pencis.com/” target=”_blank”>For more information:https://oncology.pencis.com/

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